Literature

Engraved literature

Ruthven; or the Modern Prometheus

-by Mary Godwin

-here she doesn't marry Percy Shelley for many decades (as his wife doesn't kill herself), and so she is known as Mary Godwin to posterity

-but she's his lover throughout and even goes by "Mary Shelley" often

-pretty influential British Isles radicals are her family


-Mary's first Grand Tour trip succeeds fully and so she does not go to Lake Geneva during the Year Without a Summer

-instead she's in the UK seeing the Industrial Revolution with all it treats living workers as interchangeable parts and an uncaring elite

-and the Luddite movement which she isn't 100% a fan of but sympathizes with and it is these workers, half-living, who she writes about

-also her stillbirth influences her

-to write about something which looks like a man, but is not a man and yet somehow is


-protagonist is someone with the vibe of this guy )

-named Lord Victor Ruthven

-obsessed with life and seeks to create it

-in part because of a desire to create a new labor force to allow man to labor freely

-and in part because he sees the old automata of old and is impressed

-sculps an automaton able to do the labor of man

-seeks to create a being most beautiful with clockwork masked by a skinlike surface

-but instead creates a being who looks utterly lifeless

-Victor is horrified by what he has created

-sends the Machine to work in one of his factories

-as a machine - not a man - to do the hard labor

-learns language and rest of knowledge, all learned on his cylinder of cards

-and attains knowledge

-with this, the Machine runs well out of Edinburgh

-and yet, is imbued by life, whether by powers of the occult or otherwise

-then outside all people look at him, unnatural, in horror

-except one blind man who he talks to in a civilized manner

-thus it is that the Machine becomes almost, but not quite, a man

-when he tries to save a girl her father shoots her

-increasingly comes to hate humanity and kills someone in a lust of anger

-goes to Edinburgh to meet who he learns from the one he killed who must be his creator - and takes flesh with him

-at Edinburgh, the Machine learns of his maker

-and hates and hates him for giving him such an existence and abandoning him to miserable pursuits

-storms into Victor's chief factory, and destroys it along with murdering his wife

-and leaves for him but the rotting carcass of his home

-and when Victor returns he sees the Machine, threaten him to give him flesh of the man he killed so he may become a human

-when Victor refuses, the Machine rips off his fake face - and Victor comes face to face with a set of gears

-in the end, the Machine's logic is trammeled by this desire to become a human

-and when the Machine is in his shop, Victor rips open his gears and dismantles him

-the Machine is painfully wounded, but yet does not stop and only cries out in pain

-finally, Victor travels to the Highlands to destroy the Machine once and for all

-recounts his story to a sheriff (framing story) before taking the Machine to Glen Croe to kill it in the ice


-novel is a great success

-the Machine known to posterity as "Ruthven" by title

-remembered often by followers of Ideology > Associationism as a metaphor for the working man

-and as a demonstration of the hubris of man by others especially at the time

-people still unsure today as to whether the Machine is truly alive or simply a simulacrum thereof

-future adaptations portray machine as hydraulic, but with mercury running across body rather than water

-as a supreme version of hydraulic Analyzers

-mercury because so occult

-and skin made of rubber which disturbingly melts

On The Slave Power

-a four volume work

-Volume I: A Critique of Political Economy (1859)

-Volume II: The Emergence of the Robber Knights (1864)

-Volume III: The Reduction of Man to Subsistence (1868)

-Volume IV: Theory of the Imperium of Slavery (1882)

-by Frederick Bauer, a German immigrant to New York City

-who quickly becomes part of anti-slavery movement

-and he becomes part of anti-slavery newspaper

-first volume written and published in 1859

-for this, a New York mob beats him up but he lives and refuses to let them stop him

-quickly becomes founding document of anti-slavery movement and cited as beginning the Liberty and Union War (1868-76)

-and so are the next two volumes

-while last volume gives scientific foundation to Antillean War (1880-4)


-a lengthy set of volumes much compared in impact to Common Sense but quite different

-based on Schelling's theory of logic to critique the morality, politics, and economics of slavery

-but all with a scientific tone

-first volume is a more general book condemning all three in twain

-to show all three elements are fundamentally connected

-second volume deals specifically with how slavery empowers a class of aristocrats to destroy republicanism

-culminating in the reduction of all Americans to the same state of slavery as the slaves

-third volume deals with how slave labor leads to reduction of price of labor of free workers

-leading, ultimately, to free workers reduced to subsistence

-fourth volume argues that slavery in one place leads to the reduction of freedom everywhere else

-that true freedom requires the end of slavery everywhere or else the slave power of one country will impose it everywhere else

-a clear argument for support of Antillean War (1880-4)

-and with political environment forever changed by Liberty and Union War (1868-76) it's also a lot more frank about the horror of slavery